Sunday, February 8, 2015

Museum Pieces - Spoon in the Form of a Young Girl Carrying a Vase

Spoon in the Form of a Young Girl Carrying a Vase

Credit: Musée du Louvre/C. Décamps
H. : 31,50 cm. ; L. : 7 cm.
E 8025 bis

This delicate decorated spoon is quite remarkable both for its size and for excellent condition, with well-preserved inlays of blue pigment. The figure is carved from a strip of wood, while the interior details are in bas-relief. The decoration depicts a servant girl carrying a large earthenware jar, which is actually a receptacle fitted with its own cover, so creating a perfect correspondence between the object and its subject. 

A heavily laden servant

Though smiling, the young woman seems to move forward with difficulty, slightly bent under the weight of her burden. She is entirely naked except for a broad necklace that covers her shoulders; jewels, now lost, once adorned her legs, but she still wears her earrings, visible under her thick braided hair. Her nudity contrasts with the rich decoration of the objects she carries: a stemmed krater with scroll handles on her right shoulder, and a bag in her left hand. Both these objects are decorated with water lily petals, the ubiquitous plant motif in art of this period, which also reappears on the plinth supporting the figure. The vase is hollowed into the shape of a spoon, which is concealed under a cover that pivots on a tenon. The composition is perfectly balanced and the object is in an impeccable state of preservation.

Carved spoons

This object imbued with an artistic aesthetic belongs to a category that is well represented in museums around the world; as in almost every domain of Egyptian art, none of these spoons is similar to any other. This one is particularly large, and its slender shape suggests a date from the early Ramesside period. The figures adorning these objects, generally female, are placed in bucolic, artistic (dance or music), or domestic scenes, as with this example. They are not identified as either historic figures or divinities. The action does not seem intended for a deity, and there is no accompanying inscription. Other spoons feature images of flowers, elaborate bouquets, animals in action, and trussed game animals: a repertoire that is ultimately fairly similar to the genre scenes and still lifes of western art.

A purpose that remains a mystery

The purpose of these objects has never been fully determined. The receptacles are shallow, which suggests they might be cosmetic spoons. These highly colored and oily products would have left traces on the spoons, however, and yet the wood is perfectly clean. Though fragile, the handles bear no marks or signs of wear.
The elaborate bouquets and trussed game animals represent temple scenes of offerings to the gods. Such subjects may have been adapted for objects intended as gifts, which would correspond well with their generally attractive themes and subjects, a reflection of the sensibilities of the upper echelons of New Kingdom society. Indeed, many of these spoons were found in the necropolis of the royal harem of Medinet el-Ghurob, in the Faiyum region.

Bibliography

J. Vandier d'Abbadie, Musée du Louvre Département des Antiquités Egyptiennes - Catalogue des objets de toilette égyptiens, Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, Paris, 1972, pp. 20-1, entry 30.

Author(s): Pierrat-Bonnefois Geneviève

Source: http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/spoon-form-young-girl-carrying-vase

Egyptian statuettes of Osiris: Production unveiled by neutrons and laser

Jan 30, 2015 by Inês Crespo

The world's museums exhibit collections of precious artefacts from thousands of years ago. Very often it is the case that not much is known about how those ancient artefacts were created. There is a number of limitations to investigate them as traditional sampling techniques risk damaging the materials. In the search for non-invasive methods, a group of scientists have combined three different techniques to analyse copper alloy figurines. They wanted to know how the figurines were crafted, their composition, and how they are deteriorating.

The figurines were provided by the Egyptian Museum of Florence in Italy. While the year they were created is unknown, we know that the first figurine was brought from Egypt to Italy by the Schiaparelli archaeological expeditions in the 19th century, and the other two figurines were donated to the museum by a noble family in 1868 and 1848. They represent Osiris, the god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead, with arms and legs bound to the body by mummy bandages, and holding the traditional insignias of kingship: the crook and flail.

An innovative analytical approach

To look inside the figurines, the group conducted high resolution neutron tomography at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, time of flight neutron diffraction at the ISIS neutron source in the UK, and performed laser induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) measurements. Thanks to the NMI3 Access programme their travel and subsistence expenses to Germany were covered.

Courtesy of Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
Thanks to this new approach, these artefacts could be characterised like never before. Even though the figurines are originating from different areas in Egypt the results show that they were all crafted with similar core materials, same alloy compositions, and with a similar method for preparation of the casting mould. The latter was executed starting from forming and firing an earthy core. The wax model for casting was then sculptured on this earthenware core, and eventually the mould was completed with the application of the mantle and the final firing.

This innovative analytical approach proved very successful to analyse ancient artefacts with the big advantage of not being invasive for the artefacts under study. This combination of techniques will be applied to investigate other bronze statuettes of the Egyptian Museum of Florence.

Source: http://phys.org/news/2015-01-egyptian-statuettes-osiris-production-unveiled.html

Saturday, February 7, 2015

Poles reconstructed houses of the first Egyptians

Virtual 3D model of more than 5 thousand years old Egyptian homes, discovered during the excavations at Tell el-Farcha in the Nile Delta, prepared by Jacek Karmowski, PhD student of the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.

Source: J. Karmowski

"We associate the architecture of ancient Egypt primarily with stone construction - due to the most recognizable structures left by this civilization: the pyramids and monumental stone temples" - Jacek Karmowski told PAP. "In fact, the contemporary villages and towns were dominated by houses made of mud bricks" - he added.

Structures built with such bricks are not particularly durable, unlike to those made with stones. Durability of the building material ensured their present, in some cases very good state of preservation. "It must be remembered that the stone architecture is a special, cult type of Egyptian construction, associated with religion and belief in the afterlife" - explained Karmowski.

Work on the reconstruction of non-existent mudbrick structures really began during the excavations - the way of conducting excavations and documenting discovered layers is important. The scientist traced the visible relics of bricks and outlines of houses from the functioning of the settlement with a total station laser and imported to a computer with CAD software - although archaeologists still usually draw on excavations in the classical way, using pencil and paper. With specialized software, he combined these data with photographs taken during field work.

Thursday, February 5, 2015

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus; earliest mention of cancer

By Rany Mostafa

CAIRO: World Cancer Day, which falls every year on Feb. 4, has a link to ancient Egypt as The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, currently in the New York Academy of Medicine, is believed to contain the earliest written record of cancer in mankind history.

In addition to providing the earliest reference to suturing of non-infected wounds with a needle and thread along with preparing splints for bone fracture, the text, dating from 1,600 B.C., also contains diagnosis of eight cases of breast tumors along with treatment by cauterizing tools, ancient Egyptian history professor Sherif el-Sabban told The Cairo Post Wednesday.

“The papyrus, written in hieratic script, contains 48 case histories on head, thorax and spine injuries with each presentation divided into title, examination, diagnosis, and treatment,” said Sabban, adding that the breast cancer is mentioned in the papyrus but it was considered non-curable.

For example, in case 39, dealing with “tumors with prominent heads and have produced cysts of pus in a man’s breast,” the author recommended cauterizing tumors using a “fire drill” said Sabban.

“American archaeologist Edwin Smith purchased the papyrus from Luxor in 1862; it was donated by his daughter to Brooklyn Museum in 1906 before it was presented to the New York Academy of Medicine where it has resided since 1920,” former head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Abdel Halim Noureddin told The Cairo Post Thursday.

The manuscript was first translated by former Director of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute American archaeologist James Henry Breasted (1865-1935,) said Noureddin, adding that this surgical text is an incomplete copy of an original document that perhaps dates back to the pyramid age (2700B.C.–2200 B.C.)

“Unlike other civilizations in the Middle East, the ancient Egyptian understanding of traumatic injuries was based on scientific practices gained through observation and examination, rather than depending on magic or supernatural powers,” he added.

Source: http://www.thecairopost.com/news/136200/sticker/edwin-smith-surgical-papyrus-earliest-mention-of-cancer

Wednesday, February 4, 2015

Wednesday Weekly # 64

Welcome to the Wednesday Weekly, your weekly dose of links to Egyptology news, articles, blogs, events and more!

Photo credit: Harvard Art Museums/
Arthur M. Sackler Museum

MARÍA ROSA VALDESOGO

Isis and Nephthys, Essential in the Ancient Egyptian Union of Re and Osiris.
http://www.mariarosavaldesogo.com/isis-nephthys-essential-ancient-egyptian-union-re-osiris/

THE ANCIENT WORLD ONLINE

Open Access Monograph Series: Amarna Reports
http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.nl/2015/01/open-access-monograph-series-amarna.html

Open Access Journal: Horizon: The Amarna Project and Amarna Trust Newsletter
http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.nl/2010/03/open-access-journal-horizon.html

Oriental Institute Demotic Ostraca Online (O.I.D.O.O.)
http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.nl/2010/08/oriental-institute-demotic-ostraca.html

Open Access Monograph Series: Abusir
http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.nl/2015/02/open-access-monograph-series-abusir.html

EGYPTIANS

The Luxor Museum of Ancient Egyptian Art c.1978
http://tim-theegyptians.blogspot.nl/2015/01/the-luxor-museum-of-ancient-egyptian.html

IN THE ARTIFACT LAB

What’s the deal with Pinahsi’s feet?
http://www.penn.museum/sites/artifactlab/2015/01/28/whats-the-deal-with-pinahsis-feet/

Continuing the treatment of Pinahsi
http://www.penn.museum/sites/artifactlab/2015/01/29/continuing-the-treatment-of-pinahsi/

IMALQATA

Back at Malqata
https://imalqata.wordpress.com/2015/01/30/back-at-malqata/

The Work Begins
https://imalqata.wordpress.com/2015/01/31/the-work-begins/

A New Partner
https://imalqata.wordpress.com/2015/02/01/a-new-partner/

Digging West of the Audience Pavilion
https://imalqata.wordpress.com/2015/02/02/digging-west-of-the-audience-pavilion/

A Surprise Among the Pebbles
https://imalqata.wordpress.com/2015/02/03/a-surprise-among-the-pebbles/

EGYPT CENTRE, SWANSEA

Royal wine
http://egyptcentre.blogspot.nl/2015/02/royal-wine.html

WINNIPEG FREE PRESS

On the lecture circuit, flamboyant Egyptian archaeologist talks up King Tut - and himself
http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/travel/on-the-lecture-circuit-flamboyant-egyptian-archaeologist-talks-up-king-tut-----and-himself-290491311.html?cx_navSource=d-more-news

AHRAM ONLINE

Smuggled ancient Egyptian artefacts seized in Spain
http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/9/40/121712/Heritage/Ancient-Egypt/Smuggled-ancient-Egyptian-artefacts-seized-in-Spai.aspx

AERA

Season of Migration to the South
http://www.aeraweb.org/blog/season-of-migration-to-the-south/

AL-AHRAM WEEKLY

‘Cover-up’ claims denied
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/10263/47/%E2%80%98Cover-up%E2%80%99-claims--denied.aspx

The rediscovery of KV53
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/10262/47/The-rediscovery-of-KV--.aspx

CALGARY SSEA

Lecture: Medicine, Health and Disease in Ancient Egypt
http://www.calgaryssea.ca/2015/01/31/lecture-medicine-health-and-disease-in-ancient-egypt/

ACROSSBORDERS

The New Kingdom town of Sai: end of week 4
http://acrossborders.oeaw.ac.at/the-new-kingdom-town-of-sai-end-of-week-4/

Stone Tools at Sai Island
http://acrossborders.oeaw.ac.at/stone-tools-at-sai-island/

SAV1 East, Feature 15 – an Update
http://acrossborders.oeaw.ac.at/sav1-east-feature-15-an-update/

AMARA WEST PROJECT BLOG

Amara West 2015: views from the sky
http://blog.amarawest.britishmuseum.org/2015/01/28/amara-west-2015-views-from-the-sky/

Amara West 2015: necklace lost in the garden?
http://blog.amarawest.britishmuseum.org/2015/01/30/amara-west-2015-necklace-lost-in-the-garden/

Amara West 2015 (week 3): from phytoliths to papyrus
http://blog.amarawest.britishmuseum.org/2015/01/31/amara-west-2015-week-3-from-phytoliths-to-papyrus/

Amara West 2015: 1000th find registered – an age-old technology
http://blog.amarawest.britishmuseum.org/2015/02/01/amara-west-2015-1000th-find-registered-an-age-old-technology/

Amara West 2015: glimpses of a burial chamber
http://blog.amarawest.britishmuseum.org/2015/02/02/amara-west-2015-glimpses-of-a-burial-chamber/

FACES & VOICES

Mark fragment? Well, they look like Green papyri…
https://facesandvoices.wordpress.com/2015/02/02/mark-fragment-well-they-look-like-green-papyri/

MUSEUM EGYPTOLOGY

Exhibitions On Egypt 2015: What To See This Year.
https://museumegyptology.wordpress.com/2015/01/30/exhibitions-on-egypt-2015-what-to-see-this-year/

EL KURRU: A ROYAL CITY OF ANCIENT KUSH

In Khartoum
http://elkurrukush.blogspot.nl/2015/02/in-khartoum.html

CAIRO POST

Europol seizes hundreds of smuggled ancient Egyptian artifacts in Europe
http://www.thecairopost.com/news/135274/travel-antiquities/europol-seizes-hundreds-of-smuggled-ancient-egyptian-artifacts-in-europe

HARMAKIS

The titling of the Pharaoh
http://harmakis.net/en/archives/3411

The Egyptian priestly caste
http://harmakis.net/en/archives/3414

The Gospel of the Egyptians
http://harmakis.net/en/archives/3417

BIRMINGHAM MUSEUMS

Meet the Mummy: Namenkhetamun
http://www.birminghammuseums.org.uk/blog/posts/meet-the-mummy-namenkhetamun

DAILY NEWS EGYPT

New mummies discovered floating in sewage in Upper Egypt
http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/03/new-mummies-discovered-floating-sewage-upper-egypt/

LIVESCIENCE

Newfound 'Gospel of the Lots of Mary' Discovered in Ancient Text
http://www.livescience.com/49673-newfound-ancient-gospel-deciphered.html

ANCIENT ORIGINS

36,400 BC: The Historical time of the Zep Tepi Theory
http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa/36400-bc-historical-time-zep-tepi-theory-002617


Sunday, February 1, 2015

Ecrire à ses morts: enquête sur un usage rituel de l'écrit dans l'Egypte pharaonique - A Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2015.01.53

Sylvie Donnat Beauquier, Ecrire à ses morts: enquête sur un usage rituel de l'écrit dans l'Egypte pharaonique. Collection Horos​.   Grenoble:  Jérôme Millon Editions​, 2014.  Pp. 286.  ISBN 9782841372522.  €26.00 (pb). 


One of the most characteristic aspects of pharaonic culture is undoubtedly the funerary domain. Massive monuments like the pyramids, beautifully decorated royal and private tombs, extensive ritual texts carved on temples or inscribed in coffins, even contemporary popular icons of the Egyptian past like mummies or the Book of the Dead, attest to the importance of death and deceased people in Egyptian beliefs and in contemporary interpretations of pharaonic civilization. In fact Egyptology has devoted most of its archaeological and philological work to the study of texts and monuments related to the mortuary sphere, especially those belonging to members of the royalty and of the elite who ruled the country. Furthermore, these researches have been mainly focused on art and religious history, while the social aspects of death and its importance in cementing interpersonal ties among the living ones, especially among common people, have not received as much attention. In the last decades Egyptologists have become increasingly aware, however, of the existence of extensive kin networks in Egyptian society, a circumstance usually concealed behind the use of rather general and imprecise kinship terms like “brother”, “sister”, “son” or “child” to refer, in fact, to collateral or descendant members of one's family as well as to subordinates. The epigraphic and ritual sources of the end of the 3rd millennium suddenly contain a plethora of terms evoking extensive kin groups, but the precise meaning of many of them still eludes us and in many cases it is only possible to suggest approximate translations like “household” or “extended family”. Irrespective, the influence of these networks left their mark in the domain of funerary beliefs.

Saturday, January 31, 2015

The rediscovery of KV53

Debate continues over the ownership of the KV53 tomb in the Valley of the Kings, writes Zahi Hawass

In 1905-1906, US archaeologist Edward Ayrton, who was sponsored by the American millionaire Theodore Davis, found six tombs in the Valley of the Kings, KV48 to 53. The first five tombs contained animal bones, and it was therefore believed that these tombs were built for the pharaoh Amenhotep II’s pets.
Over time, sand covered some of the tombs, including KV53, and they were lost. However, an Egyptian expedition led by the present writer was later able to relocate KV53 during a search for lost tombs in the Valley of the Kings.
The square shaft of the tomb leads to a relatively small rectangular chamber. In his original account, Ayrton wrote that the tomb had been robbed. The only object of note found was a piece of stone bearing the name of a man called Huri, who was the “overseer of scribes in the palace of justice,” meaning the royal Theban necropolis.
This might have indicated that Huri was the tomb’s owner. Archaeologist Nicholas Reeves writes that a stela for the goddess Meretseger was also found in KV53. Our team found other objects in the tomb, including pottery shards, fragments of linen and pieces of wood that might have been part of a coffin.
The Egyptian expedition also found four wonderful canopic jar lids. The lids were in the form of human heads with eyebrows and eyes in black paint and a hieroglyphic sign engraved on the top of each head in order to identify it. A v-shaped object made of gold was also found in the tomb, together with an amphora dating back to 1400-1300 BCE.
However, the most important discovery in KV53 was the human remains: bones and three human skulls were found in the burial chamber. Study of the remains showed that three people were buried in KV53: a man aged 45 at the time of his death, a second man who died at the age of 20, and a woman who died at 23.
We believe that the older man is the owner of the tomb, while the young man and woman could be his son and daughter. However, the identity of those buried in KV53 is still the subject of debate. The tomb is dated to the 18th Dynasty.
Source: http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/10262/47/The-rediscovery-of-KV--.aspx